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A pet psychic, or animal communicator is a person who claims to communicate psychically with animals.〔Italie, L (2008) (What's on your cat's mind? Ask a pet whisperer: Animal communicators boast of a special bond, but claims can't be verified ) Associated Press.〕 Some pet psychics claim to communicate with long-dead animals,〔 while others can be characterized as animal communicators or animal psychologists. The term psychic refers to an alleged ability to perceive information hidden from the normal senses through what is described as extrasensory perception. Pet psychics rely on different techniques when doing an animal reading. These psychics allegedly communicate with animals and connect with an animal's soul. Some claim the readings are done by communicating with their "electromagnetic energy" similar to reiki and/or therapeutic touch healing. Others claim the animal does not need to be alive or physically close to the psychic as noted with phone readings.〔〔〔Lumer, S. (2005) (Confessions of a Pet Psychic ) Lulu.com ISBN 1411618742〕 Tarot cards recently have been designed specifically for pet readings by their owners.〔Clausing, J. (2013) (Dog Psychics Transform The Way You Communicate With Your Pet ) Huffington Post.〕 Skeptics attribute such putative powers to intentional trickery or self-delusion.〔Gracely, EJ. (1998) (Why Extraordinary Claims Demand Extraordinary Proof ) Quackwatch.com〕〔NOVA〕〔New York Daily News. (2007) (She Told Them Boy Was Dead. Crystal Ball Fails Psychic in MO. Kidnap )〕〔Waxman, S. (2002) (Shooting Crap ) Salon.com〕〔Sheldrake, R, Morgana, A. (2003) (Testing a Language: Using a Parrot for Telepathy ). ''Journal of Scientific Exploration''. pg.601-615.〕 A pet psychic is different from a pet whisperer like Cesar Millan or Monty Roberts who use body language and an understanding of animal psychology to communicate with the animal. In the early twentieth century, the Association for Research and Enlightenment began researching paranormal and psychic abilities in humans.〔 The first animal communicators claimed they could communicate telepathically with animals living or dead.〔〔〔 The number of businesses offering pet psychic services has steadily increased, but the industry remains unregulated and scientifically unverified.〔 The services offered include advice and counsel to clients. ==Criticism of pet psychics== The scientific community has rejected all claims of psychic phenomena, and no compelling evidence of psychic phenomena has been found in the past few centuries of experimentation.〔''Science Framework for California Public Schools''. 1990. California State Board of Education.〕〔(Archibald Wheeler| Wheeler, JA ) (1979) Point of View: Drive the Pseudos Out... ''Skeptical Inquirer''. 3:12-13.〕〔Kurtz, P. (1978) Is parapsychology a science? ''Skeptical Inquirer''. 3:14-32〕〔Moulton ST, Kosslyn, SM (2008) Using neuroimaging to resolve the psi debate. ''Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience''. 20(1):182-192〕〔Druckman, D, Swets, JA eds. (1988) ''Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques'' National Academy Press, Washington DC. pg. 22〕 In 2008, a study using neuroimaging provides the strongest evidence yet obtained against the existence of paranormal mental phenomena. Using the assumption that psychic ability originates in the brain, the authors used fMRI scanning of participants' brains during the use of psi and non psi stimuli.〔 Participants were either emotionally or biologically related to one another. The experiment was designed to create positive results if psi phenomena occurred. While the participants' reactions to non psi stimuli were as expected from previous studies, the psi inducing stimuli showed indistinguishable difference to non psi stimuli. In 1991, an opinion survey amongst scientists in the NAS regarding ESP, psi, and parapsychological research indicated that 96% of scientist polled described themselves as "skeptical" of the existence of ESP with 2% believing in psi and 10% thinking that parapsychology research should be encouraged.〔McConnell, RA, Clark, TK. (1991) National Academy of Sciences' Opinion on Parapsychology. ''Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research''. 85:333-365.〕 Joe Nickell believes that cold reading can explain why so many pet psychics appear to communicate with animals. Pet psychics like Gerri Leigh and Animal Planet's Sonya Fitzpatrick work in front of audiences with the pets and owners present at the same time. Although appearing to be impressive, the conclusions and pronouncements are "validated" by the pet owners and not the pets themselves.〔Nickell, J. (2002) ( Psychic Pets and Pet Psychics ). ''Investigative Files''. 26.6.〕 Furthermore, linguistic professor Karen Stollznow tested a pet psychic with a cat named Jed. Not only was the psychic "completely inaccurate in her reading of Jed's age, place of birth, background, behavior, health, and my health..." she was unable to tell that Jed was not her cat. Stollznow concluded that "language is human-species specific. We don't and can't 'know' what animals think."〔Stollznow, K. (2003) (The Ballad of Jed (and the Pet Psychic) ).''Skeptical Inquirer''. 19.1.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pet psychic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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